A Mixed-Methods Exploration of Competencies and Professional Development Needs Among Chief Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists.

This project sought to explore the experiences, self-perceived preparation, professional development needs, and preferred learning methods of certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs) in a management role. A sample of 10 current chief CRNAs responded to a demographics survey and participated in one-on-one interviews using a 14-question, semi-structured interview framework modified from a previous study. Interview responses were deidentified and qualitatively analyzed for common themes by two content experts and one qualitative analysis expert. Results suggest that CRNAs entering the management field feel somewhat unprepared to perform the administrative tasks associated with their role. Qualitative analysis of interview responses elicited multiple key themes including interpersonal communication and handling crucial conversations, time and organizational management skills, team building and motivation, and financial management skills. Themes related to preferred learning methods of chief CRNAs included mentorship, peer networking, and experiential learning to obtain the required knowledge and skills for the role. The authors recommend incorporating each of the identified themes to guide development of CRNA management-specific educational programs. Establishing such a program will serve to better prepare aspiring CRNA managers and further develop the knowledge and skillset of current chief CRNAs.

[Investing in healthcare professionals. The motivation for enrollment in bachelor nursing courses: results from a pilot study]. / Investire sul personale sanitario: motivi di iscrizione al corso di laurea in Infermieristica. Risultati dello studio pilota.

. Investing in healthcare professionals. The motivation for enrollment in bachelor nursing courses: results from a pilot study. INTRODUCTION: Understanding the reasons for enrolling in a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSc Nursing) is crucial for devising strategies to stimulate enrollment and counteract the current decline in applications. A multi-center longitudinal study was initiated to explore motivations for enrollment and dropout rates. The results of the pilot study focusing on enrollment motives are presented. OBJECTIVE: To identify the reasons for enrolling in BSc Nursing programs at five Italian universities. METHODS: First-year BSc Nursing students enrolled in the academic year 2022-2023 completed an online questionnaire exploring socio-demographic and personal information, priority criteria for their choice, information sources, and the following reasons for enrolling (Likert scale 1-5): altruistic motivations, personal interests, preferences, past experiences, job security, advice, fallback options, and the social image of nursing. RESULTS: 759 questionnaires were analyzed (78% of those involved). 64.7% of the students indicated nursing as their first choice, while one-third enrolled as a fallback option, by chance, or because they were uncertain. Altruism was the primary motivation for enrollment (91.8%), but 74.2% of students enrolled to secure a good job or to pursue a career (52.3%), or due to curriculum counseling sessions (13.7%). Some differences were observed between geographical areas. CONCLUSIONS: Students primarily enroll in BSc Nursing programs due to altruism, personal experience, and job prospect. These findings may be valuable for guiding and tailoring information campaigns, and for enhancing the appeal of nursing courses.

Factors affecting motivation for receiving a booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine among Japanese university students and staff: a cross-sectional questionnaire survey.

Understanding the factors that influence people's decisions regarding vaccination is essential to promote vaccination. We aimed to clarify the motivations for receiving booster vaccines. We conducted a paper-based questionnaire distributed during January-February 2022 involving students and faculty staff who received the first COVID-19 vaccination at the mass vaccination program during June-September 2021 at Keio University. A total of 1725 participants were enrolled, and all completed the survey. Among these, 64.9% reported a significant adverse event (AEs) affecting daily life after the second vaccine. "Fear of severe COVID-19 illness" (72.6%) was the most common reason for getting vaccinated, followed by "concern of infecting others" (68.4%) and "fear of COVID-19 infection itself" (68.3%). Television emerged as the most influential source of information (80%), followed by university information (50.2%) and social networking sites (42.8%). Multivariate analysis revealed "fear of severe COVID-19 illness", "fear of COVID-19 infection itself", and "trust in the efficacy and safety of the vaccines in general" were significantly correlated with willingness to receive paid vaccinations. The severity of AEs and source of information were not related to participants' willingness to receive booster vaccinations. Participants with positive reasons for vaccination were more likely to accept a third dose.

Individuals' perceptions and expectations of nutrition care provided by doctors in Australia: A focus group study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Doctors are well placed to facilitate nutrition care to support dietary improvements due, in part, to their regular contact with their patients. Limited literature exists which explores the perspective of patients regarding the nutrition care provided by medical professionals across the continuum of care. This article explores the perspective of patients regarding perceptions of nutrition advice and care received from doctors and expectations of this care, including key skills and attributes the patients perceive as important. METHOD: Six online focus groups were conducted with Australian service users (n=32). RESULTS: Framework analysis identified four key themes: perceptions of doctors' role in nutrition care, expectations and experiences; the importance of individualised care; barriers and enablers to nutrition care; and topics, skills and attributes perceived as important in nutrition care. DISCUSSION: Patients have a desire for individualised and collaborative nutrition care but experienced systemic barriers in practice.

A Randomized Trial to Address Food Insecurity and Promote Smoking Cessation Among Low-Income Adults.

Many low-income adults who smoke also have unmet social needs, such as food insecurity, which can serve as a barrier to smoking cessation. We developed a novel intervention to jointly address smoking cessation and food insecurity and assessed its feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary outcomes. We enrolled participants who screened for food insecurity, reported smoking daily, and were ready to quit. All participants received 3 months of resources navigation from a community health worker through monthly telephone calls for referrals and check-ins for smoking cessation and food access resources. Participants randomized to the intervention group received an economic intervention equivalent to the cost of 1 week of groceries/month for 3 months. We randomized 55 participants who were smoking on average 13 cigarettes/day. The trial was feasible and acceptable based on 3-month retention rates (80%) and end-of-study qualitative feedback (91% would recommend the study to others). At 3 months, participants in the intervention versus control group reported a longer length of abstinence from smoking and had a higher proportion of serious quit attempts. Results from this pilot study suggest the importance of attending to social needs, particularly food insecurity, as a strategy to promote smoking cessation among low-income adults who smoke.

Exploring the factors influencing public intention for spectator sports consumption based on grounded theory.

Spectator sports consumption serves as a vital component in the development of the sports industry. However, numerous challenges exist in fostering public engagement in this domain. Therefore, in order to explore the factors that influence public participation in spectator sport consumption, this study analyzes the intention to participate in spectator sports consumption from the perspective of consumers. On this basis, Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sample of 25 members of the public, and three levels of coding were analyzed using the qualitative research method of procedural rooting theory and establish a model on the influence of public intention to participate in spectator sports consumption, and on this basis, we reveal the influence of crucial elements. The results of the study indicate that: Firstly, personal and psychological factors are significant internal drivers, while external drivers cover product and contextual factors. Secondly, the key to filling the attitudinal and behavioral gaps is the depth of perception individually, which is of great importance in increasing public participation. Thirdly, external contextual factors impacting consumer support primarily consist of external incentives, social influences, and urban contextual variables, which also serve a moderating role in the integration model. The results suggest that guiding the public to actively participate in spectator sport consumption should be based on an understanding of individual perceptions, emotions as well as attitudes. This paper develops a model examining public motivation to engage in spectator sports locally in China, pinpoints the primary influencing factors and mechanisms, and presents novel concepts for the sustainable growth of the sports sector.

Transformational nurse leadership attributes in German hospitals pursuing organization-wide change via Magnet® or Pathway® principles: results from a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Budget constraints, staff shortages and high workloads pose challenges for German hospitals. Magnet® and Pathway® are concepts for implementing organization-wide change and redesigning work environments. There is limited research on the key elements that characterize nurse leaders driving the implementation of Magnet®/Pathway® principles outside the U.S. We explored the key attributes of nurse leaders driving organization-wide change through Magnet®/Pathway® principles in German hospitals. METHODS: Using a qualitative study design, semi-structured interviews (n = 18) were conducted with nurse leaders, managers, and clinicians, in five German hospitals known as having started implementing Magnet® or Pathway® principles. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed in Atlas.ti using content analysis. For the analysis, a category system was created using a deductive-inductive approach. RESULTS: Five leadership attributes and eleven sub-attributes were identified as main themes and sub-themes: Visionary leaders who possess and communicate a strong vision and serve as role models to inspire change. Strategic leaders who focus on strategic planning and securing top management support. Supportive leaders who empower, emphasizing employee motivation, individualized support, and team collaboration. Stamina highlights courage, assertiveness, and resilience in the face of challenges. Finally, agility which addresses a leader's presence, accessibility, and rapid responsiveness, fostering adaptability. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates leadership attributes explicitly focusing on instigating and driving organization-wide change through Magnet®/Pathway® principles in five German hospitals. The findings suggest a need for comprehensive preparation and ongoing development of nurse leaders aimed at establishing and sustaining a positive hospital work environment.

Attraction and achievement as two attributes of gamification in healthcare: an evolutionary concept analysis.

PURPOSE: This study conducted a conceptual analysis of gamification in healthcare utilizing Rogers' evolutionary concept analysis methodology to identify its attributes and provide a method for its applications in the healthcare field. Gamification has recently been used as a health intervention and education method, but the concept is used inconsistently and confusingly. METHODS: A literature review was conducted to derive definitions, surrogate terms, antecedents, influencing factors, attributes (characteristics with dimensions and features), surrogate concepts, consequences, implications, and hypotheses from various academic fields. A total of 56 journal articles in English and Korean, published between August 2 and August 7, 2023, were extracted from databases such as PubMed Central, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the Association for Computing Machinery Digital Library, the Research Information Sharing Service , and the Korean Studies Information Service System, using the keywords "gamification" and "healthcare." These articles were then analyzed. RESULTS: Gamification in healthcare is defined as the application of game elements in health-related contexts to improve health outcomes. The attributes of this concept were categorized into two main areas: attraction and achievement. These categories encompass various strategies for synchronization, enjoyable engagement, visual rewards, and goal-reinforcing frames. CONCLUSION: Through a multidisciplinary analysis of the concept's attributes and influencing factors, this paper provides practical strategies for implementing gamification in health interventions. When developing a gamification strategy, healthcare providers can reference this analysis to ensure the game elements are used both appropriately and effectively.

Informed Consent for Psychotherapy: The Moderating Role of Therapeutic Alliance, Prior Knowledge and Autonomous Motivation on Decision-Making and Treatment Expectation.

BACKGROUND: Informed consent is an ethical prerequisite for psychotherapy. There are no routinely used standardized strategies for obtaining informed consent. A new optimized informed consent consultation (OIC) strengthened treatment-relevant aspects. It remains unclear which factors influence the OIC efficacy regarding clinical and decision-related outcomes. METHODS: N = 122 adults were included in a randomized controlled online trial. Participants received an information brochure on psychotherapy (TAU; n = 61) or OIC + TAU (n = 61). The main and interaction effects of group allocation, therapeutic alliance, prior knowledge about psychotherapy and treatment motivation on treatment expectations, decisional conflict and capacity to consent were tested. Floodlight analyses were conducted for significant interactions. RESULTS: Large interaction effects were shown between treatment motivation and group allocation on treatment expectations (ß = -0.53) and between prior knowledge and group assignment on capacity to consent (ß = 0.68). The interaction between treatment motivation and group allocation was significant up to a motivation score of 5.54 (range: 1-7). The interaction between prior knowledge and group assignment was significant up to a knowledge score of 14.38 (range: 5-20). CONCLUSION: Moderator analyses indicated varying efficacy degrees for the OIC regarding decisional outcomes and expectation. Especially patients with little treatment motivation or low prior knowledge benefited from optimized information about the efficacy and possible side effects of psychotherapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PsychArchives (https://doi.org/10.23668/psycharchives.4929): 17.06.2021.

The effect of refined psychological pain nursing combined with IMB nursing on the pain, sleep and quality of life of patients after cervical cancer surgery.

To explore the effect of refined psychological pain nursing combined with information-motivation-behavioral (IMB) care model on the pain, sleep and quality of life of patients after cervical cancer surgery, so as to provide reference and basis for the nursing of patients after cervical cancer surgery. The clinical data of 798 postoperative cervical cancer patients who were nursing in our hospital from January 2018 to December 2022 were included in this retrospective study and divided into the control group (n = 382) and observation group (n = 416) according to the different care methods. The control group used refined psychological pain nursing, and on this basis, the observation group used IMB nursing to observe and compare the differences in pain, sleep and quality of life between the 2 groups. There was no significant difference in pain between the 2 groups before nursing (P > .05). After nursing, the pain of both groups was significantly improved. The scores of NRS, VAS, and PSEQ of the observation group were significantly better than those of the control group (P < .001). After nursing, the quality of life scores such as emotion, cognition, society, and overall health were significantly higher in the observation group than those of the control group, while physical, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and pain were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < .05). The negative emotion score of the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < .001). The residual urine volume and urinary tract infection rate of the observation group were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < .05). The bladder function was significantly better than that of the control group (P < .05). The analgesic effect of refined psychological pain nursing combined with IMB nursing on patients after cervical cancer surgery is better than that of refined psychological pain nursing alone, which can promote pain recovery and further improve the quality of life and sleep quality of patients.

The feedback dilemma in medical education: insights from medical residents' perspectives.

BACKGROUND: Feedback is a critical component of the learning process in a clinical setting. This study aims to explore medical residents' perspectives on feedback delivery and identify potential barriers to feedback-seeking in clinical training. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved 180 medical residents across seventeen specialties. We employed the validated Residency Education Feedback Level Evaluation in Clinical Training (REFLECT) tool to assess residents' perspectives on their attitude toward feedback, quality of feedback, perceived importance, and reaction to feedback. Additionally, we explored barriers to feedback-seeking behavior among medical residents. RESULTS: The majority of medical residents held positive attitudes toward feedback. They agreed that feedback improves their clinical performance (77.7%), professional behavior (67.2%), and academic motivation (56.7%), while also influencing them to become a better specialist in their future career (72.8%). However, the study revealed critical deficiencies in the feedback process. Only 25.6% of residents reported receiving regular feedback and less than half reported that feedback was consistently delivered at suitable times and locations, was sufficiently clear or included actionable plans for improvement. A minority (32.2%) agreed that faculty had sufficient skills to deliver feedback effectively. Moreover, peer-to-peer feedback appeared to be a primary source of feedback among residents. Negative feedback, though necessary, often triggered feelings of stress, embarrassment, or humiliation. Notably, there were no significant differences in feedback perceptions among different specialties. The absence of a feedback-seeking culture emerged as a central barrier to feedback-seeking behavior in the clinical setting. CONCLUSIONS: Establishing shared expectations and promoting a culture of feedback-seeking could bridge the gap between residents' perceptions and faculty feedback delivery. Furthermore, recognizing the role of senior and peer residents as valuable feedback sources can contribute to more effective feedback processes in clinical training, ultimately benefiting resident development and patient care.

Do incidental positive emotions induce more optimistic expectations of decision outcomes? An empirical study from the perspective of event-related potential.

INTRODUCTION: Previous research has found that incidental emotions of different valences (positive/negative/neutral) influence risky decision-making. However, the mechanism of their influence on psychological expectations of decision outcomes remains unclear. METHODS: We explored the effects of different incidental emotions on the behavioral, psychological, and electrophysiological responses of individuals in risky decision-making through a money gambling task using a one-way (emotion type: positive, negative, neutral emotions) between-subjects experimental design. RESULTS: Individuals with positive emotions had significantly greater risk-seeking rates than those with negative emotions during the decision selection phase (p < .01). In the feedback stage of decision outcomes, individuals showed stronger perceptions of uncertainty in the decision environment under gain and loss feedback compared with neutral feedback, as evidenced by a more positive P2 component (i.e., the second positive component of an event-related potential). Positive emotions produced greater than expected outcome bias than neutral emotions, as evidenced by a more negative FRN component (i.e., the feedback-related negativity component). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that positive emotions increase individuals' psychological expectations of decision outcomes. This study provides new empirical insights to understand the influence of incidental emotions on risky decision outcome expectations.

Developmental trajectory of social reward motivation from early adolescence into adulthood in female and male Long-Evans rats.

Most studies of adolescent and adult behavior involved one age group of each, whereas the dynamic changes in brain development suggest that there may be behavioral flux in adolescence. In two studies, we investigated developmental changes in social reward motivation in female and male Long-Evans rats from prepuberty to early adulthood in a social operant conditioning task. Given the earlier onset of puberty in females than in males, we predicted the course of social reward development would differ between the sexes. Overall, the pattern of results from both studies suggests that the trajectory of social motivation across adolescence is characterized by upward and downward shifts that do not depend on the sex of the rats. During training, in both studies, the mean number of social gate openings and percentage of social gate openings was higher at P30 (prepubertal, early adolescence) and P50 (late adolescence) than at P40 (mid adolescence) and P70 (adulthood) irrespective of sex. Nevertheless, the specific age comparisons that were significant depended on the study. In both studies, P30 rats had greater levels of social motivation than did adults in accessing a social reward when increased effort was required (progressive ratio tests). In an extinction test, only P30 and P50 rats continued to show more nose-pokes at the previously social gate than at the nonsocial gate, suggesting resistance to extinction. The results highlight the importance of characterizing behavior at several timepoints in adolescence to understand the neural mechanisms, many of which show similar discontinuities as they develop across adolescence.

Examining cover crop agri-environmental program participation: Evidence from a western US farmer survey.

Agri-environmental programs (AEPs), which pay farmers to adopt conservation practices, are increasingly important environmental and agricultural policy tools used in both the US and the EU. Despite large budgetary shares allocated in a 20-year application window, several studies identify lower-than-expected environmental outcomes. In the US, reasons for low environmental outcomes include low participation rates, lack of program awareness, and poor targeting levels. Research has identified low levels of awareness and variation in participation across the US in the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP), the largest working lands program in the US. Using a survey of Western US farmers, this paper provides an analysis of awareness and participation levels in cover crop AEPs in the Western US. Second, this paper analyzes motivations and barriers to participation in cover crop AEPs through the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) and the Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP). Third, the paper uses a survey experiment to examine different types of incentives. The results highlight that participation is low due to lack of awareness and policy barriers. Using a logistic regression, predictors of AEP participation include frequent contact with NRCS, having a succession plan, and a positive attitude toward governments' role in conservation programs. The survey experiment found that non-financial factors, such as more information on cover crops, is an effective policy incentive.

Understanding effective post-test linkage strategies for HIV prevention and care: a scoping review.

INTRODUCTION: Following HIV testing services (HTS), the World Health Organization recommends prompt linkage to prevention and treatment. Scale-up of effective linkage strategies is essential to achieving the global 95-95-95 goals for maintaining low HIV incidence by 2030 and reducing HIV-related morbidity and mortality. Whereas linkage to care including same-day antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation for all people with HIV is now routinely implemented in testing programmes, linkage to HIV prevention interventions including behavioural or biomedical strategies, for HIV-negative individuals remains sub-optimal. This review aims to evaluate effective post-HTS linkage strategies for HIV overall, and highlight gaps specifically in linkage to prevention. METHODS: Using the five-step Arksey and O'Malley framework, we conducted a scoping review searching existing published and grey literature. We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Web of Science and EMBASE databases for English-language studies published between 1 January 2010 and 30 November 2023. Linkage interventions included as streamlined interventions-involving same-day HIV testing, ART initiation and point-of-care CD4 cell count/viral load, case management-involving linkage coordinators developing personalized HIV care and risk reduction plans, incentives-financial and non-financial, partner services-including contact tracing, virtual-like social media, quality improvement-like use of score cards, and peer-based interventions. Outcomes of interest were linkage to any form of HIV prevention and/or care including ART initiation. RESULTS: Of 2358 articles screened, 66 research studies met the inclusion criteria. Only nine linkage to prevention studies were identified (n = 9/66, 14%)-involving pre-exposure prophylaxis, voluntary medical male circumcision, sexually transmitted infection and cervical cancer screening. Linkage to care studies (n = 57/66, 86%) focused on streamlined interventions in the general population and on case management among key populations. DISCUSSION: Despite a wide range of HIV prevention interventions available, there was a dearth of literature on HIV prevention programmes and on the use of messaging on treatment as prevention strategy. Linkage to care studies were comparatively numerous except those evaluating virtual interventions, incentives and quality improvement. CONCLUSIONS: The findings give insights into linkage strategies but more understanding of how to provide these effectively for maximum prevention impact is needed.

Perspectives from Undergraduate Life Sciences Faculty: Are We Equipped to Effectively Accommodate Students With Disabilities in Our Classrooms?

Higher education has evolved in ways that may increase the challenges life science faculty face in providing accommodations for students with disabilities. Guided by Expectancy-Value Theory, we interviewed 34 life sciences faculty instructors from institutions nationwide to explore faculty motivation to create disability-inclusive educational experiences. We found that faculty in our sample perceive that providing most standard accommodations is a manageable but often challenging task. Further, faculty in our sample feel that improving accommodations necessitates additional support from their institutions. Most faculty had high attainment value for providing accommodations, in that they strongly believed that supporting students with disabilities is the fair and right thing to do. However, faculty did not perceive much utility value or intrinsic value in their task of providing accommodations, and most reported that providing accommodations can be a substantial burden on faculty. These findings imply that current approaches to providing inclusive educational experiences for students with disabilities rely primarily on the personal belief that providing accommodations is the right thing to do, which likely results in a flawed and inequitable system given that not all faculty equally share this conviction.

Neural correlates of aggression outcome expectation and their association with aggression: A voxel-based morphometry study.

BACKGROUND: Aggression outcome expectation is an important cognitive factor of aggression. Discovering the neural mechanism of aggression outcome expectation is conducive to developing aggression research. However, the neural correlates underlying aggression outcome expectation and its effect remain elusive. METHODS: We utilized voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to unravel the neural architecture of aggression outcome expectation measured by the Social Emotional Information Processing Assessment for Adults and its relationship with aggression measured by the Buss Perry Aggression Questionnaire in a sample of 185 university students (114 female; mean age = 19.94 ± 1.62 years; age range: 17-32 years). RESULTS: We found a significantly positive correlation between aggression outcome expectation and the regional gray matter volume (GMV) in the right middle temporal gyrus (MTG) (x = 55.5, y = -58.5, z = 1.5; t = 3.35; cluster sizes = 352, p < 0.05, GRF corrected). Moreover, aggression outcome expectation acted as a mediator underlying the association between the right MTG volume and aggression. CONCLUSIONS: These results revealed the neural correlates of aggression outcome expectation and its effect on aggression for the first time, which may contribute to our understanding of the cognitive neural mechanism of aggression and potentially identifying neurobiological markers for aggression.

Performance feedback and obsessive passion: The moderating role of human capital.

Based on the behavioral theory of the firm, we research how performance feedback influences the formation of CEOs' passion. We articulate that previous performance directly increases CEOs' passion. Specifically, positive affective outcomes (performance above aspiration-level) advance CEOs' positive feelings and motivation toward the domains of success (obsessive passion). For instance, when a firm accomplishes performance objectives, such as reaching sales goals, CEOs' positive feelings toward developing current products would be boosted. Moreover, negative affective outcomes (performance below aspiration-level) would also positively impact CEOs' passion since the CEOs would endeavor to reduce the difference between performance and their aspiration-level. As such, performance feedback is a critical antecedent of CEOs' obsessive passion. In addition, we apply human capital as a moderator between performance feedback and CEOs' obsessive passion. Results based on multiphase survey data from 189 CEOs of Korean small- and medium-sized enterprises indicate that both positive and negative performance feedback positively increase CEOs' obsessive passion. Moreover, human capital negatively moderates the relationship between positive performance feedback and CEOs' obsessive passion and positively moderates the relationship between negative performance feedback and CEOs' obsessive passion.

Call it a conspiracy: How conspiracy belief predicts recognition of conspiracy theories.

While conspiracy theories are treated as irrational fringe beliefs in popular culture, conspiracy belief is quite common. Given the disconnect between stereotypes about conspiracy belief and its prevalence, I tested whether people have difficulty recognizing the conspiracy theories that they believe as conspiracy theories. Across two studies I demonstrate that people have considerable difficulty identifying conspiracy theories they believe as conspiracy theories, particularly when they do not take much time to consider whether their beliefs might be conspiracy theories. This is consistent with the notion that people experience "conspiracy blindness." People have trouble recognizing the conspiracy theories they believe as conspiracy theories because they do not take the time to consider whether their beliefs might be conspiracy theories. In Study 2, I demonstrate that people can overcome their conspiracy blindness and recognize the conspiracy theories they believe as conspiracy theories when they are given a definition for "conspiracy theory" and asked to consider their answer. This suggests that people are typically ignorant of their own conspiracy beliefs, but capable of recognizing them when given the tools and motivation to do so. However, recognizing their beliefs as conspiracy theories does not reduce their adherence to those beliefs.